Grant appointed John Brooks Henderson and David Dyer, who prosecuted the Whiskey Ring. However, modern scholarship has better appreciated Grant's appointed reformers and prosecutions. The Grant administration is traditionally known for prevalent scandals including the Gold Ring and the Whiskey Ring. However, his prized Caribbean Dominican Republic annexation was rejected by the Senate. Grant's foreign policy was mostly peaceful, without war, the Alabama Claims against Great Britain skillfully resolved. Grant's Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into White culture the Great Sioux War was fought during his term. The Liberal Republicans and Democrats united behind Grant's opponent in the presidential election of 1872, but Grant was handily reelected. In 1871, Grant created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing the civil service more than any prior president. He appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. As president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported Congressional Reconstruction, ratification of the the 15th Amendment, and crushed the Ku Klux Klan. Later, Grant openly broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies Grant used the Reconstruction Acts, which had been passed over Johnson's veto, to enforce civil rights for recently freed African Americans.Ī war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and was elected president in 1868. A week later, Lincoln was assassinated and was succeeded by President Andrew Johnson, who promoted Grant to General of the Army in 1866. On April 9, 1865, Lee formally surrendered to Grant. After Lee fled Petersburg, Grant defeated him at Appomattox. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign and at Petersburg. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. In 1863 he led the Vicksburg campaign, which gained control of the Mississippi River, dealing a serious strategic blow to the Confederacy, splitting it in two. He joined the Union Army after the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and rose to prominence after winning several early Union victories on the Western Theater. Grant resigned from the army in 1854 and returned to his family but lived in poverty. In 1848, he married Julia Dent, and together they had four children. Admitted to West Point, Grant graduated 21st in the class of 1843 and served with distinction in the Mexican–American War. Raised in Ohio, Grant possessed an exceptional ability with horses. Previously, as Commanding General, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as Secretary of War. As president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who created the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant / ˈ h aɪ r ə m juː ˈ l ɪ s iː z/ HY-rəm yoo- LISS-eez April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
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